Frederick Douglass and Historical Contingency - Literature Essay Samples

From the moment his master forbade him to learn to read, Frederick Douglass, a writer and former slave, realized that literacy was the â€Å"pathway from slavery to freedom† (Douglass 77). He seemed to be talking about his own escape from slavery, but it is possible that he was referencing the emancipation of all Southern blacks, because his purpose in writing had always been, above all, to gain support for the abolitionist movement and turn public opinion against slavery. Soon after escaping to the North, he began to use his illegally learned ability to write speeches, articles, and his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Douglass understood the importance of history and its influence on present actions, and understood that those who can best shape the meaning of history and current events can best influence these actions. With this in mind, he used these writings to attempt to shape public opinion on slavery. However, he wrote during an unstable a nd ever changing time in Americas history, so to better respond to changes and shape interpretations, he had to make changes in his arguments and rhetorical styles. Writing his Narrative before the civil war, Douglass purpose was simply to sway public opinion against slavery, whereas the articles he wrote during the war have more specific calls to action. His Narrative makes heavy use of emotional appeals to manipulate the readers sympathy and empathy, and ethos to establish his credibility, while his Civil War writings focus more on logical arguments to support his specific claims and pathos to strengthen the arguments. Before the South seceded and the Civil War came, it was unknown if slavery would ever end. Southern slave owners wanted the institution of slavery to appear as a benevolent system, that they were good masters who provided for their slaves. In his Narrative, Douglass reveals the ugly and violent truths about slavery that he witnessed or experienced, making heavy use of emotional appeals to influence the thoughts of his white audience. His purpose in writing this book was to convince readers to oppose slavery, using these appeals to make them sympathize or empathize with slaves as fellow humans. Throughout the narrative, he piles on example after example of the horrific mistreatment faced by slaves, hoping that the readers emotional responses would cause them to strongly oppose slavery. He hopes that getting more people to oppose it would help lead to faster abolition. He begins immediately, with a mild example, starting the second sentence with the statement â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age† (49). He goes on to say that he has never met a slave who knew his own birthday. Though this may seem insignificant, he tells readers that â€Å"The white children could tell their ages and that he could not tell why [he] ought to be deprived of the same privilege (49), showing that knowledge of ones age and birthday are things that people in the North would have taken for granted. The absence of such a small yet value laden thing would have come as a shock to readers. He shows that from even a young age he felt dehumanized by slavery, and by comparing the races, tries to get white readers to empathize with the dehumanization he felt by considering how they would feel about not knowing their birthdays or ages. From there, the emotional appeals only intensify. In the next chapter, he describes the few belongings allotted to the slaves. According to Douglass, â€Å"Their yearly clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts, one pair of linen trousers one jacket, one pair of trousers for winter, made of coarse negro cloth, one pair of stockings, and one pair of shoes; the whole of which could not have cost more than seven dollars† (56). In describing the low quality and small quantity of the only clothing they could get in a year, he makes sure to mention the estimated price so that free white readers can compare the sum with how much they spend on clothing. As they obviously spend much more than that, Douglass wants them to feel guilt. The readers would hopefully feel worse about themselves and because of this, more strongly sympathize with the slaves. His inclusion of the detail that â€Å"Children from seven to ten years old, of both sexes, almost naked, might be seen at all season s of the year† (56) when their clothes became unusable is also to shock the audience, horrifying them with this unfair treatment of children and again drawing sympathy from the audience. The most extreme examples of his emotional appeals deal with the physical abuse of slaves. Rather than trying to make the audience empathize with the physical pain, he instead describes the scenes in detail to make them feel the horror he felt when watching this pain inflicted on others. In the first chapter he mentions what happened to his Aunt Hester when she disobeyed their masters orders. The master â€Å"took her into the kitchen, and stripped her from neck to waist, leaving her entirely naked† and proceeded to whip her, â€Å"and soon the warm, red blood (amid heart-rending shrieks from her, and horrid oaths from him) came dripping to the floor† (54). He later gives several examples of beatings and whippings that he endured, but it would be unreasonable to ask his free audience to relate to these situations that have no equivalent in their lives. Rather, he relays this memory of watching his aunt being abused in vivid and graphic detail so the audience can imagine the scene and watch it along with him, hoping that while they feel sympathy for the aunt, they also empathize with the â€Å"terrified and horror-stricken† (54) feelings he experienced while watching as a child. Douglass includes all of these appeals to the readers sympathy to make readers feel worse for the slaves with each example. In this way, he uses pathos to try to achieve the purpose of his Narrative, turning people against slavery. However, Douglass wrote the Narrative at a time of intense prejudice in America, even in the free North. Blacks, especially former slaves, were not expected to be able to write or speak as well as he could. Because of this, many people were doubtful that his work was authentic and this made it difficult for him to achieve the purpose of his narrative. He was forced to use ethos frequently, to establish his credibility and therefore increase the effectiveness of his work in convincing people to agree with him. To explain why he, as a former slave, is able to write well, he gives the story of how he started learning how to write, and why he continued learning. After he began to serve a new family, his mistress, Mrs. Auld, â€Å"commenced to teach [him] the A, B, C. After [he] had learned this, she assisted [him] in learning to spell words of three or four letters (76). When his master discovered this, he forbade his wife to teach him any further. At this moment, Douglass realized why whites did not want blacks to be literate. I now understood what had been to me a most perplexing difficulty to wit, the white mans power to enslave the black man Whilst I was saddened by the thought of losing the aid of my kind mistress, I was gladdened by the invaluable instruction which, by the merest accident, I had gained from my master (77). He makes sure to emphasize how important he considers the ability to read and write to alleviate the skepticism of some of his readers. He hopes that, seeing his powerful drive to learn, they would understand why he is able to write so well and stop questioning the authenticity of his work. When the readers are not preoccupied with doubting his text, they would read it with a more open mind would be more susceptible to his emotional appeals. In this way, Douglass uses ethos, appealing to the authenticity of his character, to advance the purpose of his work. The texts that Douglass writes during the Civil War are not focused on his experiences as a slave, but are based around proving arguments. Because of this, he does not need to rely on ethos in these texts as he did in the Narrative. These writings, unlike his Narrative, have clear purposes and specific calls to action. Now that the South had seceded and the North was fighting to make them rejoin the Union, there seemed to be a chance to end slavery. While in the Narrative Douglass relates his experiences to elicit sympathy, he no longer sees a need to simply convince people to oppose slavery. During the war, he instead makes specific arguments about current events and believes that following these arguments could lead to the end of war, the end of slavery, and better treatment for free blacks. To defend these points, he makes much more extensive use of logical rhetoric, but still uses pathos to make these logical arguments more effective. However, the pathos is used more forcefully a nd to appeal to different emotions than before. In his article â€Å"Fighting Rebels With Only One Hand,† his main purpose is clear: African Americans should be allowed to fight for the Union army. He supports his claim with logical arguments, but to make his speech more effective he continues to make use of pathos. Comparing the country to a burning building, he says that its owners â€Å"are determined that the flames shall only be extinguished by Indo-Caucasian hands, and to have the building burnt rather than save it by means of any other. Such is the pride, the stupid prejudice and folly that rules the hour. He then asks, Why does the Government reject the Negro? Is he not a man? Can he not [be a soldier] like any other? We do believe that such soldiers, if allowed to take up arms in defence of the Government, and made to feel that they are hereafter to be recognized as persons having rights, would in every way add to the national power. Douglass makes a logical point t hat allowing blacks to fight would increase the strength of the North with a larger army, but he makes it in a very emotional manner. Rather than simply saying that allowing blacks to fight would turn the war in the Norths favor, ending the war more quickly, he emotionally charges his language, calling the prejudice stupid folly to ridicule those who oppose the right of blacks to be soldiers. His comparison of the country to a burning building captures the urgency of the situation. While his emotional appeals in his narrative were meant to gain sympathy from the reader to make them oppose slavery, the emotional appeals in his articles function to strengthen his logical arguments, to make his readers feel shame or to feel anger and convince them to agree with him. While he uses guilt in the Narrative as another way to elicit sympathy, he uses it here to influence people more directly into taking action or agreeing with him. According to the historian David Blight in his article â€Å"For Something Beyond the Battlefield†: Frederick Douglass and the Struggle for the Memory of the Civil War, â€Å"Douglass seemed acutely aware that the post-war era might be ultimately controlled by those who could best shape the interpretations of the war itself† (Blight 1159). After the war, Douglass struggled to shape interpretations of the war as a moral war of emancipation, hoping it would help the newly freed African American community. However, it was not only after the war that Douglass tried to get some control over the era by attempting to shape interpretations of current and past events. During the war itself, he used his articles to try to turn the war into such a moral conflict. Before the war, he tried to shape interpretations of the system of slavery, and to some degree, succeeded in turning people against slavery and helping the abolitionist movement. His purpose shifted with changing historic al moment, and his argument styles shifted accordingly. Works Cited Blight, David W. â€Å"‘For Something beyond the Battlefield’: Frederick Douglass and the Struggle for the Memory of the Civil War.† The Journal of American History 75.4 (1989): 1156-1178. JSTOR. Web. 14 Jan 2014. Douglass, Frederick. â€Å"Fighting Rebels with only One Hand.† Humanities Core Course Guide and Reader: War 2013-2014. Burke, Carol M. Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions, 2013. 55-56. Print. . Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. New York: Barnes Noble Books. Nook file.

Physician-Assisted Suicide Essay - Euthanasia Should Not...

Euthanasia Should Not be Legalized It is conceivable, that life can deteriorate to the point where persons lose their dignity and self-respect and are unable to communicate; life in such a form no longer meets meets the basic criteria of human- ness. (OKeefe, A1) Under these circumstances only should Euthanasia be practiced and then only passively (pulling the plug). Dutch Death, Euthanasia, doctor assisted suicide, whatever you want to call it, it should not be legalized. People should live their lives for as long as long as it is worth living. As long as someone can still have experiences and communicate with others, they should go on living. Someone may have six†¦show more content†¦(OKeefe, A1+) This issue is compared to how abortion was before it was legalized. The main reason for legalization of abortion was because it was being done anyway. People HAD access to abortion, it was just being done terribly. Were in exactly the same situation today: People do have access to assisted suicide--its just being done so badly. (Shavelson, 39) Just because something is done does not mean that it should be legal. Many things that are illegal are done anyway. Look at drugs, underage drinking, drunk driving, and speeding; these things are all illegal and are frequently practiced. Should these or other things be legallized just because they are done anyway? This is not a valid reason for leagalizing anything. Where would it end if the practice of euthanasia were to be legalized, how far would it go? Would it end with assisted death for the terminably ill? The world looks to the Netherlands as the only working model of assisted death, a nation known for its open aproach to abortion, prostitution and drug use. 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The writing was very tough to keep on track because it isn’t actually how I feel. This essay helped me to better understand the argument that is presented from

Examining Mark Twains Work to Determine If He Was Racist...

Examining Mark Twains Work to Determine If He Was Racist This paper examines Mark Twain’s work to determine whether or not he was racist. Racism is defined by The American Heritage Dictionary as the belief that one race is superior to others. Unfortunately the issue of race isn’t black or white. There are many shades of gray in racism and even the most progressive thoughts of old seems conservative as progress enlightens new levels of thought. During his time, Twain was a forward thinking author who championed many causes, one of them being fair treatment of the downtrodden and oppressed. The only example of potential racism is his treatment of the Goshoot Indians in Roughing It. The main body of his work points to innovative†¦show more content†¦James L. Johnson dedicated Mark Twain and the Limits of Power to outlining how, like Emerson, Twain’s solipsism is a fundamental ingredient in much of [his] best work (Johnson 8). Twain’s characters had or wanted an extraordinary ability to dominate the worlds in which they find themselves (Johnson 1). Twain had little faith in a Christian God so he put more faith in the self. Johnson also thought Twain’s bitterness increased as he unearthed that the larger and more masterful the Self became, the less benevolent he was likely to be (Johnson 7). Although Twain’s life was common because it had limits he envisioned a character who might not have to make those accommodations, a hero who might break out of the prison of limitations into a brighter life (Johnson 187). Frustration with the world, hence a caustic temperament, arose as time wore on but Twain never lost sight and hoped for mastery over it and freedom (Johnson 189). In 1907 Bernard Shaw remarked to Archibald Henderson that, Mark Twain and I find ourselves in the same position. We have to make people, who would otherwise hang us, believe that we are joking (Clemens 5). This point is well illustrated by the fearless TwainShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesFinley Dorothy Sinclair Sandra Dumas Susan McLaughlin Kevin Murphy Laura Ierardi Allison Morris Hilary Newman mb editorial services David Levy  ©Michael Eudenbach/Getty Images, Inc. This book was set in 10/12 ITC Legacy Serif Book by Aptaracorp, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright  © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproducedRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagespart of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold to students). (3) No Derivative Works You may not

Introduction to Tourism and Environment Business in Tourism

Question: Describe about the Introduction to Tourism and Environment for Business in Tourism. Answer: Introduction Essay Objectives Current Problem: In most of the places where there are tourism sites where tourists are attracted to come and behold, there is usually some hostility that comes from the host. Certain motives tend to propel the host community members to behave strange to the visiting tourists. According to Marschall (2010), tourism has the potential of creating intense pressure on the local resources such as water, land, food, and energy that were previously scarce in the local community. They mostly result from the exhaustive usage of land and water resources by leisure and tourism facilities. Secondly, changes occurring in the landscape coming from the building of facilities, buildings, and infrastructure (Travis, 2011). Stabler (1997) writes that the direct local influences on both the environment and local people at destinations are usually affected by the concentration of time and space. Essay Focus: The objective of the paper is to study and analyse the various factors that cause hostility and antagonism between incoming tourists and the people from the host community. Secondly, having established those factors, the paper will undertake to determine how they affect the advancement of tourism. Thesis Statement: The manner in which the affairs of the local people have been conducted in the past years should be shunned, and ways that are more effective pursued. Background Historical Overview:The social-cultural impacts of conventional tourism described in this paper include the impact on host people that have either direct or indirect dealings with tourists and closer contact in the travel and tourism industry. For a variety of reasons, the locals tend to be fragile while interacting with their tourist visitors. The arising impacts emanate when tourism triggers changes in behaviour and value systems of people, thus threatening the indigenous identity of locals. Current Link between Tourism and Locals Conduct: Changes tend to arise in a community configuration, morality, ceremonies, communal traditional way of living, and family relationships (Bramwell Lane, 2000). Gaps in the Research: Little information exists exploring the impacts of antagonism between tourists and locals in different areas of the world. It is felt that only a few places have been studied. What about the rest? Major Point 1: Change in Local Identity and Values Minor Point 1:Conventional tourism is bound to cause changes and loss of local identity and values, and sometimes may bring some unwanted influences. This is the number one reason why locals always fear to face, and would do anything to antagonise with their tourists. While writing about commercialization of local culture, Travis (2011) informs that tourism has the impact of turning the indigenous culture into commodities when peoples sacred festivals, local customs, and traditions are subjected and reduced to adapt to tourist expectations. Further, Garrod GoÃÅ'ˆssling (2008) add that destinations always risk standardization in the process of satisfying tourist desires. Minor Point 2: The Arising Consequence This is because aspects such as food and beverages, accommodation, and landscape are made to satisfy tourist desires. Attempting to adapt to tourist demands is always problematic, and that is the reason Getz, Carlsen Morrison (2004) writes that tourists have a tendency to want locals cultural manifestations, crafts, arts, and souvenirs. In most of the tourist destinations, artisans are compelled to respond to the growing demand by making changes in the design style of their products. Gouldson (1994) observes that cultural erosion is bound to happen in the process of commercialising cultural goods. Major Point 2: The Physical Influences that Cause Social Stress The physical impacts that have the potential to increase tourism can cause simple social stress since it influences the host community. Social cultural demerits comprise of cultural decline, unlawful removal of cultural of cultural heritage items, pilferage, littering, and vandalism of cultural heritage, which further change the historical surrounding landscape. Fights with land users in the host community tend to arise in seaside regions where the building of shoreline tourist facilities and hotels disconnects any access for the locals to recreational usage of these areas (Harrison, 2014). Minor Point 1: Deteriorating Employment and Working Conditions A study by Standa-Gunda Braedt (2005) indicates that many of the jobs found in the tourism sector have employment and working conditions that tend to leave out some of important details such unstable employment, long hours, and little training. Apart from these, recent developments in the tourism and travel trade seem to strengthen the trend towards employment that is more flexible and other precarious conditions (Jenkins SchroÃÅ'ˆder, 2013). Minor Point 2:Culture Backlashes Since tourism embodies people movement to differing geographical sites and setup of social relationships between individuals who hardly meet, cultural backlashes can occur following differences in levels of prosperity, lifestyles, value, religious and ethnic groups. Major Point 3: Being Denied Economic Share from the Tourism Revenue Sources have documented that most of the community members where there are tourist attractions do a lot to ensure full enjoyment of the incoming tourist. The setback arises where the tourists are charged a lot of money for the products and services offered for that tourism by the mandated body, or majorly the government and the Ministry of Tourism. In nearly all countries across the globe, the Ministry of Tourism is the best performing and stable in terms of revenue earnings (Smith, 2001). What the Ministry of Tourism fail to do is to appreciate the locals for their instrumental role in ensuring the success and continuity of tourism. The locals are the ones who welcome and entertain the tourists. Their presence near the tourist site bespeaks the cultural heritage of the host country. Nevertheless, when the money is paid, none of it goes to them, and they end up remaining poorer and desperate as usual (Leslie, 2015). Minor Point 1: Its Consequence The failure to be recognised and appreciated in a proper way has triggered antagonism from these locals. The only parties who benefit are the Government and its Ministry of Tourism and the few employed people such as the game ranchers and security personnel. The anger of the locals causes disastrous effects, disrupting the activities of tourism and damaging the relationship and trust, these tourists have in the host country (Travis, 2011). VI. Suggested Actions that may lead to a Better Relationship In order to realise a sustainable tourism strategy, there is need to define the key priority issues, the potential objectives, the stakeholder community, and a core methodologies that would be used to attain these objectives. The suggestions raised in this paper that have the potential of bringing a closer and knitter relationship between tourists and the locals should be explored. Such include: enabling firm cultural development in the region; maximising on the local revenues coming from tourism investments, and channelling the same to the benefit of the locals; developing regionally specific factors of the countrys economy that can be interwoven with the tourism sector; and conserving specific local landscapes and habitats in bid to make the area attractive and protected by the conservation legislation (Tapper World Tourism Organization, 2010). Conclusion Restatement of Thesis: The manner in which the affairs of the local people have been conducted in the past years should be shunned, and ways that are more effective pursued. B. Next Steps:Having these factors and issues affecting tourism, the paper has brought to light certain aspects that should be captured in case any government wishes to have long term and successful ventures in the tourism sector. References Bramwell, B., Lane, B. (2000).Tourism, collaboration, and partnerships: Politics, practice, and sustainability. Clevedon: Channel View Publications. Garrod, B., GoÃÅ'ˆssling, S. (2008).New frontiers in marine tourism: Diving experiences, sustainability, management. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Getz, D., Carlsen, J., Morrison, A. (January 01, 2004). The family business in tourism and hospitality. Introduction. Gouldson, A. (August 01, 1994). The earth as a holiday resort: An introduction to tourism and the environment Authors: H. Boers, M. Bosch, J. de Vos and N. Beunders Dfl 43.50, paperback, pp 152 ISBN 90 731 4809 X Stichting Milieu Educatie, 1994.European Environment,4,4, 27. Govers, R., Go, F., Kumar, K. (January 01, 2007). Promoting Tourism Destination Image.Journal of Travel Research,46,1, 15-23. Harrison, D. (January 01, 2014). Tourism and Development. 143-154. Jenkins, I., SchroÃÅ'ˆder, R. (2013).Sustainability in tourism: A multidisciplinary approach.Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Gabler. Johnston, M. E., Payne, R. J. (August 20, 2010). Introduction: Tourism and the Great Lakes.Tourism in Marine Environments,6,59-62. KuÃÅ'ˆtting, G. (January 01, 2010). Introduction: The Global Political Economy of Tourism and Local Environment-Society Relations. Leslie, D. (2015).Tourism enterprise: Developments, management and sustainability. Marschall, S. (January 01, 2010). Commodification, tourism and the need for visual markers.Landscape of Memory: Commemorative Monuments, Memorials and Public Statuary in Post-Apartheid South Africa,317-346. McCool, S. F., Moisey, R. N. (2001).Tourism, recreation, and sustainability: Linking culture and the environment. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub. Primavera, J.H. (2013).Overcoming the impacts of aquaculture on the coastal zone. 531- 545.) Elsevier. Reddy, M. V., Wilkes, K. (2013).Tourism, climate change and sustainability. New York: Routledge. Sharpley, R. (2009).Tourism development and the environment: Beyond sustainability?. London: Earthscan. Smith, M. (March 08, 2001). Snapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ shots: Tourism and the environment.Environmental Politics,9,4, 146-149. Standa-Gunda, W., Braedt, O. (January 01, 2005). Fallbacks and tourist traps: Carving wood in southern Zimbabwe.Carving Out a Future: Forests, Livelihoods and the International Woodcarving Trade,67-80. Stabler, M. (1997).Tourism and sustainability: Principles to practice. Wallingford, OX, UK: CAB International. Tapper, R., World Tourism Organization. (2010).Tourism and biodiversity: Achieving common goals towards sustainability. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization. Travis, A. S. (2011).Planning for tourism, leisure and sustainability: International case studies. Cambridge, MA: CAB International.

Website Launch Checklist 25+ Things to Check Before Launching Your Site

Are you preparing to launch your WordPress website? To help make it a success, we created this handy website launch checklist to ensure a smooth launch when you make your site public.Well cover everything from proofreading to testing performance. And while some of these tips might seem a little basic, thats kind of the point! We want to help you make sure that you didnt accidentally overlook some small, but important, aspect of your website.To do that, take a few minutes and run your website through this list Content should be easy to read font size, short sentences, bullet points, lots of white spaceImages must be optimized, properly labeled and have alt textAudio and video files need to work properly2. Make sure you have a contact pageNot only does a contact page allow visitors to get in touch with you, it adds credibility and improves the trust quotient of your website. Find out how to add one to your website in this post.3. Test your sites usabilityCheck that all functional aspe cts of the website work as intended. Usability is important for conversions as well as for overall SEO. Most importantly, you need to look at each element on your website just as a visitor would.Ensure that images are optimized for speedIn particular, test all call-to-action forms and contact formsOn a multi-user site, check the login procedure, roles, and credentialsCheck out overall experience through the eyes of a user consuming content on the websiteIn case youve put autoresponders in place, make sure they respond as you intendedIf your website is going to accept payments, do a test run of each step in the purchase/payment process, including the success page redirect. This includes downloads, sign-ups, shopping cart functions, payment processing, email notifications, buttons, and links4. Make sure your navigation worksAt no point should visitors be unsure of which button to click next on your website. Besides, your on-site search should work smoothly and accurately. Try moving t hrough the different locations on your website as a casual visitor would.Read this post for more tips on how to create a great navigation structure.5. Check for mobile-friendlinessTesting for compatibility with mobile devices is now an essential part of any website launch checklist, given Google’s focus on mobile-first indexing. Consequently, your website must be mobile-friendly, and just as functional and pleasing on mobiles as it is on desktops.In other words, text should be easy to read on mobile devices, content should be the same on both versions of your website, navigation is easy, buttons have proper spacing, etc.Fortunately, you can use Googles own tool, Google’s Mobile-Friendly Test  to test these aspects.6. Review browser compatibilityIts not enough to view the website from your browser alone. Additionally, you need to see how it appears in different versions of major browsers. At the bare minimum, youll need to test it on Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.Again, youll find free tools like  Browsershots  for this purpose. It uses a number of computers at different locations to open your website in various browsers. It then captures screenshots of your web pages in different browsers and uploads them to a central dedicated server for your review.7. Run compatibility testingSometimes, it can happen that plugins dont play nice with each other. Therefore, its advisable to run a compatibility test using plugins like PHP Compatibility Checker. This avoids glitches on account of plugin, theme, or WordPress update conflicts. PHP Compatibility Checker Author(s): WP EngineCurrent Version: 1.5.0Last Updated: July 30, 2019php-compatibility-checker.1.5.0.zip 66%Ratings 904,470Downloads WP 3.5+Requires 8. Get ready for 404sSure, 404 errors are not likely on a new website. Nevertheless, a visitor may mistype or somehow land on a â€Å"Page Not Found† error message. Just so you dont lose this visitor, and to improve user experience, crea te a custom 404 page. 404page your smart custom 404 error page Author(s): Peter RaschendorferCurrent Version: 11.0.4Last Updated: October 6, 2019404page.11.0.4.zip 98%Ratings 875,900Downloads WP 4.0+Requires Not only that, you can set up email alerts to track 404 errors from the moment your site goes live, and fix them early.9. Make sure URLs are correctOften, when a site is moved from the staging area to production, its necessary to change all the URLs. Make sure to double-check that all the URLs are correct on the live version of your site before you move any further through the website launch checklist.10. Make sure you have clear calls-to-actionThis is one check you cannot afford to ignore ensuring the site has clearly defined call to action elements. Call to actions help funnel your visitors to the most important locations. Or, they can help you build an email list, if thats your goal.11. Install and configure an SEO pluginInstall the  Yoast SEO plugin  or any oth er SEO plugin to optimize for SEO. Make sure every page has a unique title, a meta description, and is optimized for keyword usage. Learn more about basic WordPress SEO here.12. Configure your permalinksUsing permalinks that describe the content of each page makes them easy to remember, more usable, and more SEO-friendly. Find out more about how to configure permalinks in this post.13. Check your XML sitemaps/HTML sitemapMost SEO plugins usually build a sitemap for you automatically, but you should double check that it:Really does exist.Is working properly and includes all the content it should.14. Check your robots.txt FileA robots.txt file also helps search engines to crawl your website more efficiently. You can learn more about this in Googles guide on the subject, and we have an article on how to optimize your WordPress sites robots.txt file.15. Test for AMP compatibilityIn case you’re using Google’s AMP project to speed up your site for mobile visitors, hop on a m obile device or an AMP tester tool and make sure that everything is working properly.16. Test social media integrationTry out your social icons to see if they are working as they should. Do they link to the right pages? Do you have the right buttons installed? Does the share functionality work right, if youre using it?17. Check your sites accessibilityAccessibility is all about making sure your site is usable for  everyone, even those with disabilities. Learn more about WordPress accessibility.18. Put a backup solution in placeRight before launching your website, take care to install a suitable backup solution and test it before you hit the launch button. It can save you a load of heartache and sleepless nights if something happens to your site after launch.19. Secure your websiteSimilarly, you really should take security seriously from the very beginning. In particular, the Admin area  should be made as secure as possible to prevent entry of malicious bots and hackers.20. Confi rm your SSLDo you know that your website runs the risk of being labeled as Not Secure if it does not have an SSL certificate? Our earlier post can help you with adding an SSL certificate to your site. Also, you can use free online checkers to find out if theres anything missing with your certificate.21. Keep out spamBecause of WordPress popularity, ensuring you have an  anti-spam solution  is a necessity when going through any website launch checklist. It makes comment management easier and your website safer.23. Update the timezoneAll scheduled activities and plugins rely on the time maintained by your WordPress. Therefore, its important to set up the timezone properly on your WordPress site. You can do this by going to  Settings General and looking for the  Timezone drop-down.24. Take care of the boring legal stuffTruly, this is the most boring part of our website launch checklist. However, its necessary if you dont want to get into legal issues later.Take care that requi red licenses are in place for images, fonts, plugins, etc.Consider including a Terms of Service to explain your services in detail.  Auto Terms of Service and Privacy Policy can help you get started with thisIn case your website is an ecommerce store or deals with money in any way, you should add a comprehensive Terms and Conditions sectionIf youre collecting data, its comforting to users if your Privacy Policy reassures them that their personal details are in good hands. Compliance with the GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) is necessary, too.A cookie warning is a legal requirement in many jurisdictions, so take care to include oneCheck out the legal requirements in different geographies for age verification, consent requirements, credit card processing and more.25. Delete any unwanted pluginsFinally, you should check your dashboard for plugins that are no longer needed and delete them to keep a lean and efficient WordPress site. While building your site, you mightve insta lled plugins that you ended up not using. Get rid of all those in preparation for launch day!Wrapping upThis website launch checklist is quite comprehensive, but by no means exhaustive. Whys that?Because once you finish out this website launch checklist and make your site live, there are also plenty of  things to do right after you launch your website!Have any other tips? Let us know about them in the comments section! 25+ things to check before you launch your #WordPress #website!

8 Ways to Avoid Barking Up the Wrong Family Tree

8 Ways to Avoid Barking Up the Wrong Family Tree There is nothing more frustrating than finding out the ancestors youve been so diligently researching, and have even come to love, arent really yours. Yet, it happens to most of us who research our family trees at some point. A lack of records, incorrect data, and embellished family stories can easily send us off in the wrong direction. How can we avoid this heartbreaking result in our own family research? It isnt always possible to avoid wrong turns, but these steps may help keep you from barking up the wrong family tree. 1. Dont Skip Generations Skipping generations in your research is the most common mistake made by beginners. Even if you think you know everything about yourself and your parents, you shouldnt skip directly to your grandparents. Or your immigrant ancestor. Or the famous person that youve been told youre descended from. Working your way back one generation at a time greatly lessens your chances at attaching the wrong ancestor to your family tree, because youll have the supporting documents- birth records, marriage certificates, census records, etc.- to support the link between each generation. 2. Dont Make Assumptions About Family Relationships Family terms such as Junior and Senior as well as aunt and cousin were often used very loosely in earlier times - and still are, even today. A designation of Jr., for example, may have been used in official records to identify between two men of the same name, even if they were unrelated (the younger of the two being called Jr.). You also shouldnt assume relationships between people living in a household unless it is specifically stated. The sole adult-aged female listed in your great-great grandfathers household, may indeed be his wife- or it could be a sister-in-law or family friend. 3. Document, Document, Document The most important habit to pick up when starting genealogical research is to diligently  write down how and where you find your information. If it was found on a website, for example, write down the title of the site, the URL and the date. If the data came from a book or microfilm, write down the title, author, publisher, publication date and the repository.  If your family information came from a relative, document who the information came from and when the interview took place. There will be many times when youll run across conflicting data, and youll need to know where your information came from. Often, its convenient to use a spreadsheet for this purpose, but it can also be helpful to keep physical records. Printing out hard copies for reference is a great way to back up information in case the data is taken offline or changes. 4. Does it Make Sense? Constantly review all new information that you add to your family tree to make sure that it is at least plausible. If the date of your ancestors marriage is only seven years after they were born, for example, you have a problem. The same goes for two children born less than nine months apart, or children born before their parents. Does the birthplace listed in the census correlate with what youve learned about your ancestor? Have you possibly skipped a generation? Look at the information youve gathered and ask yourself, Does this make sense? 5. Get Organized The more organized your genealogy research, the less likely that youll mix up information or make other simple, but costly, mistakes. Choose a filing system that works with the way you do research, making sure that it includes a way to organize both your papers and certificates ​and your digital documents and other computer files. 6. Verify Research Done By Others Its hard enough avoiding your own mistakes, without having to worry about the mistakes of others as well. Publication- whether in print or online- doesnt make anything fact, so you should always take steps to verify previous research  using primary sources and other tools before incorporating it into your own.   7. Rule Out the Other Possibilities You know that your great-great-grandfather lived in Virginia around the turn-of-the-century, so you look him up in the 1900 U.S. census and there he is! In truth, however, this isnt him; its someone else with the same name living in the same area during the same time period. It is a scenario that actually isnt all that uncommon, even with names you might think are unique. When researching your family, it is always a good idea to check the surrounding area to see if there is someone else who could fit the bill.   8. Turn to DNA Blood doesnt lie, so if you really want to be sure a DNA test may be the way to go. DNA tests cant currently tell you who your specific ancestors are, but they can help narrow things down quite a bit.

Book review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Book review - Essay Example It is noteworthy that advancement in computers has also transformed the communication landscape. Computers are presently being used in information exchange in any form. This has created advancement in information technology globally. This paper appreciates that people comprehend the history of computing differently because some opinions are informed by traces of information available today of what happened in the past while others viewpoints are informed by issues about computers that are of interest today. Therefore, it presents a timeline on the history of computing according to my own understanding. History of Computing: The Timelines The 14th BC – 1800’s – Abacus and the Slide Rule Abacus remains one of the most primitive machines purposefully developed to aid people in computations. The machine has been on use several centuries even after better-designed devices started coming into the market. Around 17th BC a device that worked even in a more interesting wa y to assist in calculations was generated. The Slide Rule worked manually in doing calculations. Its components included a simple ruler and an impermanent piece that had graduations of parallel logarithmic ranges (Turner, 2006). The greater need to make computations even more easy generated more interest among scholars leading to additional innovations. Blaise Pascal another mathematician designed Pascaline. The mechanical calculator, which acted as an adding machine was developed in 1642, further facilitated the creation of Pascal programming language. 1800’s - Difference Engine and Analytical Engine Charles Babbage also developed what was famously called a â€Å"Difference Engine† in 1830’s. However, later it designed another device â€Å"Analytical Engine.† Both of these designs had five important components that have remained key features of modern computers. The Engines had an input device, component that stored numbers to be calculated, a processor that computed numbers, a component that controlled all machines’ tasks, and finally a component to generate processed numbers. Herman Hollerith also developed the first ever device using electricity to compute numbers in 1890’s. 1900 – 1950 – Computing Machines The period between 1900 and 1950 also saw major computing advancements taking place. Howard Aiken in 1932 started working for IBM and developed the Harvard Mark 1 an electromechanical engine that borrowed massively from Babbage’s Analytical Engine. The period around 1939 saw Atanasoff Berry and Clifford Berry of Iowa State University expanded the computing world by creating the first device that worked electronically. The machine used a binary system in calculations and used different components for processing numbers and storage. Further, in 1943, in order to emerge superior during the British war, many vacuum tube computers emerged and were used to disable the German codes; thus, led to en d of the war faster (Black, 2001).   The machines were named Colossus Mark 2. In 1946, John Mauchly and Presper Eckert both expanded the ideas behind Colossus in order to come up with Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, ENIAC that emerged as the world’s all-purpose computer (Black, 2001). John Von Neumann further developed ENIAC to create an Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, EDVAC that generated computers that are more superior. 1950 – 1970 – Punch Card Technology The computing world welcomed the first computers to be commercially supplied to the markets.